MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for Carnosine (MMDBc0000007)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-10-27 23:24:33 UTC

Update Date

2022-08-30 23:01:53 UTC

MiMeDB ID

MMDBc0000007

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Carnosine

Description

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is found exclusively in animal tissues. It is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies (PMID: 16804013 ). It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. Some autistic patients take it as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. Carnosine also exhibits some antioxidant effects. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and ROS and free radicals scavenging ability (PMID: 16406688 ). Carnosine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Carnosine is found to be associated with carnosinuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Not Available

Chemical Formula

C₉H₁₄N₄O₃

Average Molecular Weight

226.2325

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

226.106590334

IUPAC Name

Not Available

Traditional Name

Not Available

CAS Registry Number

305-84-0

SMILES

Not Available

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1

InChI Key

CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Not Available

Spectra

Not Available

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Brain
Feces
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Neuron
Placenta
Saliva
Skeletal Muscle
Urine

Tissue Locations

Brain
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Neuron
Placenta
Skeletal Muscle

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Proteins

#<MetaboliteProteinLink:0x0000564abf7d4be0>

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank
1-Methylhistidine Metabolism

Metabolic Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Reaction Type	Data Source	Reference

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Related Health Condition	Evidence Type	Measured in Matrix	Reference
Alzheimer's disease	Increased	Probable Alzheimer's disease (pAD). This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000033 concentration id 58267	Association	Human Urine	17031479	details
Alzheimer's disease		In plasma. This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000033 concentration id 16826	Association	Human Blood	17031479	details
Carnosinuria	Increased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000033 concentration id 241	Association	Human Urine	2674258	details
Eosinophilic esophagitis		This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000033 concentration id 98055	Association	Human Urine	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)	details
Eosinophilic esophagitis	Slight Decrease	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000033 concentration id 98214	Association	Human Urine	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)	details
Carnosinuria	Slight Decrease	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000033 concentration id 58946	Association	Human Urine	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)	details
Carnosinuria		This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000033 concentration id 58947	Association	Human Urine	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)	details

Microbial Sources

Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
	Actinobacteria	120	Human ; Human Feces	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
	Firmicutes	371	Human Feces; Pig ; Human ; Cattle	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
	Bacteroidetes	117	Human Feces; Human	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
	Proteobacteria	173	Human Feces; Human ; Pig	Metabolic reconstruction
	Verrucomicrobia	1	Human	Metabolic reconstruction
	Synergistetes	3	Human Feces	Metabolic reconstruction
	Spirochaetes	1	Human Feces	Metabolic reconstruction
	Thaumarchaeota	1	Human Feces	Metabolic reconstruction
	Fusobacteria	19	Human Feces; Human	Metabolic reconstruction
	Euryarchaeota	5	Human Feces; Cattle ; Human	Metabolic reconstruction
	Tenericutes	4	Human Feces	Metabolic reconstruction
	Planctomycetes	1	Human Feces	Metabolic reconstruction
	Crenarchaeota	1	Human Feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Fungi	Ascomycota	3	Human Feces	; Unknown

Exposure Sources

Source Type	Source Sub-type	Species	Data Source	Reference	Details

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified								HMDB		details
Human	Detected and Quantified	18.8	10.31			Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	3.28	0.91			Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			56.56	113.1	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Carnosinuria	HMDB	2674258	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	1.84				Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19309105	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			0.47	35.49	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32340350	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	1.1	0.5			Not Specified	Both	Normal	HMDB	9029640	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	1.2		0.2	4.1	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	2.67		0.45	36.23	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	32340350	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	3.24		0.55	32.95	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	32340350	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	5.5		1.4	12.6	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	6.54	1.0			Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	17031479	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			9.70	66.50	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	28974263	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	6.2122	5.342			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	9.117	13.178			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	1.0		0.0	2.2	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Carnosinuria	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	84.8		56.5	113.0	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Carnosinuria	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	18.3608	20.3166			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	34.427	47.016			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	2.380	2.113			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	3.1	7.5			Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	3.2	4.36			Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	3.240	4.413			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	3.5	2.7			Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	3.547	2.760			Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	4.0	2.5			Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	4.0133	2.607			Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	4.193	3.233			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	4.580	3.867			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	19.97				Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Shaykhutdinov RA, MacInnis GD, Dowlatabadi R, Weljie AM, Vogel HJ. Quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations in human urine samples using 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics. 2009	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	0.115	0.290			Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	0.469	0.434			Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			0.00	0.10	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Molecular You (https://molecularyou.com)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	<12.33				Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	<18.21				Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	<3.96				Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			1.81	69.68	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			2.036	36.085	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			3.05	115.48	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human Brain	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Fibroblasts	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Intestine	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Kidney	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Liver	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Neuron	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Placenta	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Skeletal Muscle	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified					Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27609529	details
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified					Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	27609529	details
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27543620	details
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030	details
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057	details
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057	details

External Links

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

Park YJ, Volpe SL, Decker EA: Quantitation of carnosine in humans plasma after dietary consumption of beef. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 15;53(12):4736-9. doi: 10.1021/jf047934h. [PubMed:15941308 ]
Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Borin G: Carnosine and carnosine-related antioxidants: a review. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(20):2293-315. doi: 10.2174/0929867054864796. [PubMed:16181134 ]
Hipkiss AR, Preston JE, Himsworth DT, Worthington VC, Keown M, Michaelis J, Lawrence J, Mateen A, Allende L, Eagles PA, Abbott NJ: Pluripotent protective effects of carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 20;854:37-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09890.x. [PubMed:9928418 ]
Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Osler A, Rubini C, Jo DG, Mattson MP, Borin G: Synthesis and evaluation of neuroprotective alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde scavenger histidyl-containing analogues of carnosine. J Med Chem. 2005 Sep 22;48(19):6156-61. doi: 10.1021/jm050507q. [PubMed:16162015 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C: Carnosine reacts with protein carbonyl groups: another possible role for the anti-ageing peptide? Biogerontology. 2000;1(3):217-23. doi: 10.1023/a:1010057412184. [PubMed:11707898 ]
Furst P: Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):310-23. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1989.10720307. [PubMed:2674258 ]
Lee YT, Hsu CC, Lin MH, Liu KS, Yin MC: Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 18;513(1-2):145-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.02.010. Epub 2005 Apr 2. [PubMed:15878720 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Bertani MF, Ruiz E, Ferro A: Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:285-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02100.x. [PubMed:11976203 ]
Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Dunnett M, Harris RC, Willan PL: Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(1):47-50. doi: 10.1007/BF00376439. [PubMed:1735411 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Carrier MJ: Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Sep 15;122(13):1431-45. doi: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00272-x. [PubMed:11470131 ]
Suzuki Y, Ito O, Mukai N, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K: High level of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting. Jpn J Physiol. 2002 Apr;52(2):199-205. doi: 10.2170/jjphysiol.52.199. [PubMed:12139778 ]
Kang JH, Kim KS, Choi SY, Kwon HY, Won MH, Kang TC: Protection by carnosine-related dipeptides against hydrogen peroxide-mediated ceruloplasmin modification. Mol Cells. 2002 Feb 28;13(1):107-12. [PubMed:11911459 ]
Willi SM, Zhang Y, Hill JB, Phelan MC, Michaelis RC, Holden KR: A deletion in the long arm of chromosome 18 in a child with serum carnosinase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 1997 Feb;41(2):210-3. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199702000-00009. [PubMed:9029640 ]
Tallon MJ, Harris RC, Boobis LH, Fallowfield JL, Wise JA: The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Nov;19(4):725-9. doi: 10.1519/041018.1. [PubMed:16287364 ]
Mozdzan M, Szemraj J, Rysz J, Nowak D: Antioxidant properties of carnosine re-evaluated with oxidizing systems involving iron and copper ions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005 May;96(5):352-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_03.x. [PubMed:15853927 ]
Jackson MC, Lenney JF: The distribution of carnosine and related dipeptides in rat and human tissues. Inflamm Res. 1996 Mar;45(3):132-5. doi: 10.1007/BF02265166. [PubMed:8689392 ]
Hipkiss AR: Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated pathologies? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 May;1067:369-74. doi: 10.1196/annals.1354.052. [PubMed:16804013 ]
Guney Y, Turkcu UO, Hicsonmez A, Andrieu MN, Guney HZ, Bilgihan A, Kurtman C: Carnosine may reduce lung injury caused by radiation therapy. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(5):957-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.11.023. Epub 2006 Jan 10. [PubMed:16406688 ]
Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Showing metabocard for Carnosine (MMDBc0000007)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abec0d258>