MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for L-Cystine (MMDBc0000499)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-12-10 18:39:09 UTC

Update Date

2022-08-31 06:07:33 UTC

MiMeDB ID

MMDBc0000499

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

L-Cystine

Description

Cystine is an oxidized dimeric form of cysteine. It is formed by linking two cysteine residues via a disulfide bond (Cys-S-S-Cys) between the -SH groups. Cystine is found in high concentrations in digestive enzymes and in the cells of the immune system, skeletal and connective tissues, skin, and hair. Hair and skin are 10-14% cystine. Cystine is the preferred form of cysteine for the synthesis of glutathione in cells involved in the immune system (e.g. macrophages and astrocytes). Lymphocytes and neurons prefer cysteine for glutathione production. Optimizing glutathione levels in macrophages and astrocytes with cystine allows these cells to provide cysteine to lymphocytes and neurons directly upon demand (Wikipedia).

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Not Available

Chemical Formula

C₆H₁₂N₂O₄S₂

Average Molecular Weight

240.3

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

240.023848262

IUPAC Name

Not Available

Traditional Name

Not Available

CAS Registry Number

Not Available

SMILES

Not Available

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C6H12N2O4S2/c7-3(5(9)10)1-13-14-2-4(8)6(11)12/h3-4H,1-2,7-8H2,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/t3-,4-/m0/s1

InChI Key

LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Not Available

Spectra

Not Available

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Biospecimen Locations

All Tissues
Blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Feces
Placenta
Urine

Tissue Locations

All Tissues
Placenta

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Proteins

#<MetaboliteProteinLink:0x0000564abc14ad68>

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank

Metabolic Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Reaction Type	Data Source	Reference

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Related Health Condition	Evidence Type	Measured in Matrix	Reference
Acute seizures	Slight Decrease	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 11681	Association	Human Blood	14992292	details
Alzheimer's disease		This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 16848	Association	Human Blood	17031479	details
Alzheimer's disease	Increased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 58310	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	17031479	details
Alzheimer's disease	Increased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 58311	Association	Human Urine	17031479	details
Cystinuria	Increased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 136119	Association	Human Urine	14586528	details
Cystinuria	Increased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 2200	Association	Human Urine	8890399	details
Cystinuria	Increased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 136745	Association	Human Urine	8587621	details
Fumarase deficiency	Increased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 136118	Association	Human Urine	20549362	details
Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I		This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 142245	Association	Human Urine	5727921	details
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy	Decreased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 11680	Association	Human Blood	14992292	details
Parkinson's disease	Increased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 14923	Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	12834252	details
Refractory localization-related epilepsy	Slight Decrease	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 11682	Association	Human Blood	14992292	details
Eosinophilic esophagitis	Slight Decrease	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 98230	Association	Human Urine	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)	details
Cystinuria		This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 58964	Association	Human Urine	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)	details
Cystinuria	Increased	This associated disease is originally imported from HMDB metabolite HMDB0000192 concentration id 58963	Association	Human Urine	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)	details

Microbial Sources

Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
	Verrucomicrobia	1	Human Feces	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen
	Bacteroidetes	4	Human Feces	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen
	Actinobacteria	1	Human	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen
	Firmicutes	20	Human Feces; Human	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
	Proteobacteria	2		Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen;
NULL	Actinobacteria	1
Fungi	Ascomycota	2	Human Feces	; Unknown

Exposure Sources

Source Type	Source Sub-type	Species	Data Source	Reference	Details

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified								HMDB		details
Human	Detected and Quantified	30.1		24.5	35.7	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Acute seizures	HMDB	14992292	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	209.0	46.0			Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's Disease	HMDB	17031479	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	7.8	2.5			Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	72.03	12.0			Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	463.1				Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	14586528	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	> 117				Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	8890399	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			136.5	79.36	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Cystinuria	HMDB	8587621	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			90.800	558.500	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	14586528	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			135.900	156.400	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Fumaric aciduria	HMDB	20549362	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			4.423	24.136	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Dibasic Amino Aciduria I	HMDB	5727921	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			5.975	24.136	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I	HMDB	5727921	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			6.681	2.305	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I	HMDB	5727921	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			6.681	21.125	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Dibasic Amino Aciduria I	HMDB	5727921	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			908	5585	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Hyperlysinuria	HMDB	14586528	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	28.6		24.2	33.0	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)	HMDB	14992292	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	0				Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Molybdenum cofactor deficiency	HMDB	8051926	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	7				Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Molybdenum cofactor deficiency	HMDB	8051926	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	0.31	0.06			Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Parkinson's Disease	HMDB	12834252	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	37.2		34.6	39.8	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)	HMDB	14992292	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	10.5				Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19309105	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	0.29	0.27			Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	12834252	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	10.05	28.34			Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	2026685	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	10.351	4.234			Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	5727921	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	10.351	4.234			Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	5727921	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	12.5		5.0	24.6	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	128.89	56.53			Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19468821	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	152.63	76.88			Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19468821	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			17	98	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20549362	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			2	51	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	30830347	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	2.61	1.42			Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	15992788	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			5.314	22.612	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	20549362	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	62.9	27.8			Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21359215	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	89.32	56.53			Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19468821	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	17.486	14.104			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	575.0		150.0	1000.0	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	65.0		30.0	100.0	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Cystinuria	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	27.821	17.962			Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			0	1.5	Children (0 - 10 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			0	1.5	Adolescent (>11 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			1.70	17.86	Adult (>21 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			1.70	20.92	Adolescent (13 - 21 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			12.10	43.64	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			15	65	Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			2.71	12.10	Children (4 - 13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			2.71	15.60	Children (2 - 4 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			26	61	Infant (1 - 3 months old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			26	77	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			3.84	13.23	Children (1 - 2 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			5.09	15.60	Infant (6 months - <1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			6.22	26.12	Infant (1 - 6 months old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			8	68	Children (3 months - 6 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	BC Children's Hospital Biochemical Genetics Lab	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			2.92	54.16	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	David F. Putnam Composition and Concentrative Properties of Human Urine. NASA Contractor Report. July 1971	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	0.1	0.1			Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	0.15		0.1	0.2	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	107.0	23.0			Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	109.0	18.0			Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	109.0	24.0			Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	118.0	17.0			Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	130.0	20.0			Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	3.6	2.0			Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	7.0	3.0			Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	87.0	13.0			Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	9.0	3.0			Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	91.0	20.0			Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	96.0	19.0			Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	<11.76				Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	<14.71				Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified	<6.33				Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			1.13	11.086	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			1.24	15.045	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human	Detected and Quantified			1.36	57.00	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)	details
Human All Tissues	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Placenta	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597	details
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	21389975	details
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified					Not Specified	Both	Normal	HMDB	25486321	details
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	22024767	details
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	22024767	details
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27543620	details
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030	details
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified					Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057	details

External Links

HMDB ID

Not Available

DrugBank ID

Not Available

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

Not Available

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

Chemspider ID

Not Available

KEGG Compound ID

Not Available

BioCyc ID

Not Available

BiGG ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Not Available

METLIN ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound

Not Available

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

Not Available

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

Kubilus J, MacDonald MJ, Baden HP: Epidermal proteins of cultured human and bovine keratinocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 Jun 19;578(2):484-92. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90178-8. [PubMed:486533 ]
Mogil'naia GM, Shubich MG: [Comparison of the histochemical bases of epidermis differentiation in vertebrates]. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol. 1976 Mar;70(3):46-52. [PubMed:1275714 ]
Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. doi: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80571-s. [PubMed:2026685 ]
Tezuka T, Takahashi M: The cystine-rich envelope protein from human epidermal stratum corneum cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 Jan;88(1):47-51. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12464862. [PubMed:3794387 ]
Behr T, Becker W, Hannappel E, Goldenberg DM, Wolf F: Targeting of liver metastases of colorectal cancer with IgG, F(ab')2, and Fab' anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies labeled with 99mTc: the role of metabolism and kinetics. Cancer Res. 1995 Dec 1;55(23 Suppl):5777s-5785s. [PubMed:7493346 ]
Terada T, Maeda H, Okamoto K, Nishinaka T, Mizoguchi T, Nishihara T: Modulation of glutathione S-transferase activity by a thiol/disulfide exchange reaction and involvement of thioltransferase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Jan;300(1):495-500. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1067. [PubMed:8424686 ]
Mitchell BF, Chibbar R: Synthesis and metabolism of oxytocin in late gestation in human decidua. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1995;395:365-80. [PubMed:8713992 ]
Sakhaee K: Pathogenesis and medical management of cystinuria. Semin Nephrol. 1996 Sep;16(5):435-47. [PubMed:8890399 ]
Rumpold H, Mascher K, Untergasser G, Plas E, Hermann M, Berger P: Trans-differentiation of prostatic stromal cells leads to decreased glycoprotein hormone alpha production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Nov;87(11):5297-303. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-020596. [PubMed:12414905 ]
Park M, Helip-Wooley A, Thoene J: Lysosomal cystine storage augments apoptosis in cultured human fibroblasts and renal tubular epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Dec;13(12):2878-87. doi: 10.1097/01.asn.0000036867.49866.59. [PubMed:12444206 ]
Allen JW, Shanker G, Tan KH, Aschner M: The consequences of methylmercury exposure on interactive functions between astrocytes and neurons. Neurotoxicology. 2002 Dec;23(6):755-9. doi: 10.1016/S0161-813X(01)00076-6. [PubMed:12520765 ]
Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. doi: 10.1023/a:1024255208563. [PubMed:12834252 ]
Peters T, Thaete C, Wolf S, Popp A, Sedlmeier R, Grosse J, Nehls MC, Russ A, Schlueter V: A mouse model for cystinuria type I. Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Sep 1;12(17):2109-20. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddg189. [PubMed:12923163 ]
Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. doi: 10.1023/b:nere.0000010461.34920.0c. [PubMed:14992292 ]
Orakzai N, Hanbury DC, Farrington K: Screening for biochemical abnormalities in urolithiasis patients. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2004 Apr-Jun;16(2):60-3. [PubMed:15455621 ]
Sonies BC, Almajid P, Kleta R, Bernardini I, Gahl WA: Swallowing dysfunction in 101 patients with nephropathic cystinosis: benefit of long-term cysteamine therapy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005 May;84(3):137-146. doi: 10.1097/01.md.0000164204.00159.d4. [PubMed:15879904 ]
Rossi S, Herrine SK, Navarro VJ: Cystinosis as a cause of noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Dig Dis Sci. 2005 Jul;50(7):1372-5. doi: 10.1007/s10620-005-2789-0. [PubMed:16047489 ]
Alexander S, Ison C: Evaluation of commercial kits for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Med Microbiol. 2005 Sep;54(Pt 9):827-831. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46108-0. [PubMed:16091433 ]
Coe FL, Evan A, Worcester E: Kidney stone disease. J Clin Invest. 2005 Oct;115(10):2598-608. doi: 10.1172/JCI26662. [PubMed:16200192 ]
Worcester EM, Coe FL, Evan AP, Parks JH: Reduced renal function and benefits of treatment in cystinuria vs other forms of nephrolithiasis. BJU Int. 2006 Jun;97(6):1285-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06169.x. [PubMed:16686727 ]
Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Showing metabocard for L-Cystine (MMDBc0000499)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x0000564abfc0bf38>